Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 120, 2025, 116461, ISSN 2352-152X, doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.116461

A Review and Analysis of the Safety Labeling of Lithium-ion Batteries

Hayder Ali^{1 3}, Hassan Abbas Khan¹, Muhammad Khalid^{2 3}, and Michael Pecht^4
1Department of Electrical Engineering, SBA School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
²Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
³Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), KFUPM, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
⁴Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

For more information about this article and related research, please contact Prof. Michael Pecht.

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries are known to present significant safety risks, particularly in terms of fire hazards and explosions. In 2023, there were approximately 2500 reported incidents involving fires and explosions, resulting in around 100 fatalities and 800 injuries. Warning labels (or marking) of these batteries are essential to ensure safe handling, operation, and disposal, thereby mitigating potential safety risks and preventing accidents. This paper examines the labeling practices of over 200 lithium-ion cells from 20 manufacturers and 6 countries and reviews changes in warning labeling from 2003 to 2023. The paper then reviews current labeling practices and standards and concludes by offering recommendations for improvements.

This article is available online here and to CALCE Consortium Members for personal review.